Short Term Effectiveness of Chinese Stock Connect Program — a Study of the Pricing Dynamics of Cross-listed Stocks
by Kaiyu Ren
Abstract
This thesis examines the pricing dynamics of cross-listed stocks in the Chinese A-share and
Hong Kong H-share markets. By identifying an announcement-implementation window, I offer a
fresh perspective on the short-term price adjustment of cross-listed stocks around the launch of
the first Stock Connect program. My findings reveal a significant increase of the A-H price ratio,
but this price discrepancy appears to have been mitigated by the implementation of the Stock
Connect program.Additionally, my observations suggest the existence of market inefficiencies,
particularly among the groups of A-share stocks that are excluded from the Stock Connect
program.
Professor Ronald Leven, Faculty Advisor
JEL Codes: G14; G18
Shades of Green: An Examination Into Second Party ESG Ratings In The Municipal Green Bond Market
by Harrison Zane Cole
Abstract
Since the end of the pandemic the market capitalization of green bonds and investor interest in sustainable investments has grown massively. The tidal wave of ESG funds has accompanied many claims of greenwashing and extreme variation in investment quality. While many investors focus on doing their own due diligence, second party ratings are an important source of information for capturing overall risk and characteristics of a security. This paper aims to take a deeper look at how HIP Investor’s (a popular ESG rating firm) ratings correlate to real-world yield and bond characteristics. Yield refers to the annualized return that investors receive from a bond, and lower yields at issuance reduce borrowing costs for the issuer. It is generally established in popular and academic literature that green bond designation does not directly lead to a benefit for issuers in terms of their cost of capital expressed through interest rates. This paper examines the yield at issuance effects for degrees of “actual greenness” and other inputs that may lead to a security to fit well in an ESG focused or impact fund. Within a sample of green bonds, the estimated yield to worst spread premium for a best-in-class (environmentally) ESG issuer is -23.9 basis points compared to a worst-in-class issuer holding all else equal. When considering non-environmental factors such as human health, the effect is larger at -71.4 basis points. For social wealth considerations, the directionality is reversed at 17.9 basis points. More research is needed to better understand and apply these results. This decrease in interest rates can result in millions of dollars of savings for larger issuances.
Professor Lawrence Kreicher, Faculty Advisor
Professor Michelle Connolly, Faculty Advisor
JEL Codes: G1, G12, G14
Bang for Your (Green) Buck: The Effects of ESG Risk on US M&A Performance
by Richard Chen
Abstract
Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) is a fundamental corporate activity that has not received much attention from an environmental, social, and governance (ESG) perspective. In this paper, I analyze how buyer and target ESG risks affect US M&A performance in both the short and long run as measured by deal valuations and changes in buyer operating metrics, respectively. I utilize a sample of 341 transactions from 2007-2020 with a cumulative value over $3 trillion from Capital IQ where both the buyer and target have available ESG data provided by RepRisk. Utilizing OLS, my results suggest that higher ESG risk causes buyers to pay more and targets to receive less. In the long run, buyer ESG risk is an important determinant of performance. When examining the components of ESG, governance is the most consistently significant, followed by social, then environmental – though it becomes more significant in the long run. Additionally, all three components appear to have some non-linear impacts on M&A performance.
Professor Connel Fullenkamp, Faculty Advisor
Professor Grace Kim, Faculty Advisor
JEL Codes: G34, G14, M14
Informing the Investor: A Comparative Analysis of the Importance of Pre-Initial Public Offering (IPO) Information on Stock Performance
by Paul Snyder
Abstract
This paper answers which available information about the company, macroeconomic and market environment, regulatory constraints, and offering before an IPO is most impactful on year-long buy-and-hold abnormal returns and how that changes across time while analyzing the IPO markets of 1999 and 2019. Data was gathered from predominantly company prospectuses and proprietary datasets to select a total of 419 IPOs across two samples and regress abnormal geometric returns against the aforementioned information using multivariate OLS regressions. There are a number of interesting findings. First, certain information or factors that act as signals of stock performance before an IPO that correlate with stock performance change across time. Second, there is evidence that companies abiding by more regulation pre-IPO tend to perform better on the stock market after the fact, particularly with the Sarbanes-Oxley and JOBS Acts. While the direction of causality is unknown, there is now a clear and quantified relationship between IPO regulation requirements and stock performance. Third, there is evidence that the IPO market has become more strong-form efficient when comparing 1999 to 2019.
Professor Edward Tower, Faculty Advisor
Professor Grace Kim, Faculty Advisor
JEL Codes: G1, G12, G14
Comparing the Performance of Active and Passive Mutual Funds in Developing and Developed Countries
By Nalini Gupta
This paper seeks to test the hypothesis that developing countries or informationally inefficient countries should see higher returns for active mutual funds on average than passive funds and the trend should be reversed in developed nations or informationally efficient economies. This analysis is done using a cross section of eight countries, four developed and four developing. Using a fund universe of 20 active and 20 passive funds per country and controls such as volatility, market return, financial market development and Human Development Index among others, we see that there is no clear systematically dominant strategy between active and passive investment universally. While developing countries are associated with lower returns, we do not find a significant difference between active and passive based on development classification. A key finding is that an increase in liquidity, acting as proxy for informational efficiency, leads to a co-movement of active and passive returns in each country. The paper also lends itself to further analysis regarding confounding factor such as noise trading and movement of foreign capital which impact the effect of increased liquidity on mutual fund returns.
Advisors: Professor Connel Fullenkamp, Professor Kent Kimbrough | JEL Codes: G1, G11, G14
The Impact of Post-IPO Private Equity Ownership on Long-Term Company Performance
By Maria Suhail and Cipriano Echavarría
This thesis contributes to existing knowledge of private equity (PE) by analyzing the
impact of PE ownership post-IPO upon the long-term performance of companies. It considers whether companies perform better when PE funds maintain their ownership stakes post-IPO and whether this performance is also impacted by the degree of ownership that is maintained after IPO. This study uses stock performance (measured by cumulative excess stock returns) as a proxy for long-run company performance. The paper constructs and analyzes a sample of 487 companies that underwent an IPO between 2004 and 2012 to determine the implications of the maintenance and level of PE ownership by analyzing the performance of these companies for six years post-IPO. Results suggest that PE ownership post-IPO positively impacts long-term stock performance of companies. Duration and degree of PE ownership post-IPO are also important determinants of long-run performance likely due to the positive signal that continued PE ownership sends to outside investors about the quality of the company, the information asymmetry that exists between public and private markets and that PE firms are experienced managers that add value to companies.
Advisors: Professor David Robinson, Professor Michelle Connolly | JEL Codes: G11, G14, G24
Wrangling the Herd: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Industry Approach to Herding Market Behavior
By Tyler Fenton and Jarred Kotzin
The traditional efficient market hypothesis serves as the foundation of modern economic theory, governing the investigation of financial markets. While this premise assumes all investors are rational and all information is immediately incorporated into markets, this paper explores herding behavior – a central tenet of behavioral finance that explains the apparent inefficiencies of financial markets. Utilizing return data from the past 10 years from eight exchanges around the world, segmented into 10 industry classes as well as a broad market index, we compare levels of herd behavior using return dispersion proxies. We find significant evidence of herding in nearly all exchanges and all industries included in the study and the degree of this herd behavior varies across industries in different countries. Overall, we find support for the behavioral finance principle of herding and conclude that certain cultural or non cultural factors affect this activity differently in various countries and industries.
Advisors: Professor Connel Fullenkamp | JEL Codes: G4, G14, G15
Is Smart Money Smart? The Costs of Hedge Funds Trading Market Anomalies
By Matthew J. Farrell
Do hedge funds earn statistically significant premia on common factor trading strategies after trading costs are accounted for? Furthermore, what is the gap between what a hedge fund would earn and the paper portfolios that they hold? I answer this question by using the latest cutting-edge methodology to estimate trading costs for major financial market anomalies. This methodology uses the familiar asset-pricing Fama-MacBeth procedure to compare the on-paper compensation to factor exposures with those earned by hedge funds. I find that the typical hedge fund does not earn profits to value or momentum, and and low returns to size.
Advisor: Professor Brian Weller | JEL Codes: G12; G14; G23;
Determinants of NFL Spread Pricing: Incorporation of Google Search Data Over the Course of the Gambling Week
By Shiv S. Gidumal and Roland D. Muench
We investigate the factors that Las Vegas incorporates into opening spreads for NFL matchups. We include a novel proxy measure for gambler sentiment constructed with Google search data. We then investigate whether changes in this proxy are reflected in the closing spreads for NFL matchups and find that they are incorporated. We also reveal bettors’ preferences for highly visible teams and teams performing well recently. Lastly, we show that the factors that matter in the actual outcome of a game are home field advantage, average points scored for and against, and, most interestingly, our proxy measure for gambler sentiment.
Advisor: Michelle Connolly, Emma Rasiel | JEL Codes: G14, G17
