The disagreement is not ultimately rooted in Scripture, but in how different people see Scripture functioning in the life of the Church
Recently I listened to a sermon that, in part, covered the topic of whether women can serve as elders and have pastoral roles with authority over men in the Church. The pastor, whom I have a great deal of respect for and who is a brilliant preacher and teacher, concluded that Scripture–and thus God–do not allow women in these capacities. I did not agree with this part of the sermon at all. I used to reluctantly hold the same position, because the Christian tradition in which I was raised saw the Bible verses against women speaking or teaching in the Church and concluded that that was simply how God designed the relationship of the two genders to each other. I knew plenty of women who were brilliant gifted teachers and leaders, but if God did not want them to exercise those gifts in the capacity of Church leadership, who was I to argue with God. However, during my first year of seminary, I had my own Damascus Road experience on the relationship between women and men, authority and gender roles. I came to believe that while, speaking generally, women and men do complement each other, there is not a God-ordained hierarchy in place that has husbands or men by way of their genders exercising authority or power over their wives or women, whether in the Church, marriage, or anywhere else; women and men are “co-regents” with equal authority called to be caretakers of the earth. And I am someone who does believe that Scripture is sacred and that God exercises God’s authority in great part through it; I came to my beliefs on this through wrestling with Scripture. (For a quick overview of how I approach Scripture and doing theology, click here.)
The question that gets asked all of the time when Christians strongly disagree with one another on a theological issue arises here as well: how can two Christians read the same Scripture, the same words inked onto the page, and come to two completely opposite conclusions? In the case of women in pastoral leadership roles and the way Protestants argue about it (and, frankly, many other divisive issues as well), the difference is not in whether they are reading the same Bible, but rather in the often-unnoticed realm of how each actually believes Scripture functions and is appropriated in the life of the Church. Though it would arguably take volumes and volumes of books to thoroughly explain the difference, there is one way basic way to show the differences that captures a lot of what is likely happening. The place I saw this explicated well was in New Testament professor, Craig C. Hill’s book on reading Revelation, called In God’s Time: The Bible and the Future (Eerdmans, 2002, pp. 22-29). As I found them helpful, I will apply Hill’s categories and verbiage to the women-in-pastoral-leadership issue to show the difference.
In essence, many Christians that argue for what is called “male headship” over women use what Hill calls a “conforming” approach to Scripture, whereas some Christians who argue that there is no gender hierarchy in God’s economy have a “modeling” approach instead. Though this is admittedly a gross over-generalization, the “conforming” approach believes that the way Scripture works in the Church is that the Church is to read it, try to understand what it is saying, and then do/conform to what it says. As the Christian cliché goes, it is seen as life’s instruction manual for how to live, given by God. Or some may see it as like a rule book or a constitution. If the Scripture says you should not murder, you do not murder. If it says women should be silent in church and not have authority over a man, then it is saying so as a propositional truth about how church life should be structured. So you go with that no matter what the surrounding culture’s ethos or circumstances may be. One guiding principle that those with the conforming approach put forth is that in Scripture there are both timeless teachings and principles that exist alongside those that are culturally bounded and only meant for the time that the texts were first written; a key reading skill in this perspective is to learn to recognize the difference.
The problem with the conforming approach when examined is that it does not really work in the particulars. It can be difficult to simply embody the statement, “I just do what the Bible says,” because as Hill notes Scripture contains multiple perspectives within it on all sorts of topics (he gives the example of the Gospel of Mark dealing with the question of handwashing and concluding that all foods are clean for Christ-followers, whereas Matthew–written from a Jewish-Christian persuasion–concludes that such Christians do not have to worry about handwashing but are not free to abandon Jewish dietary restrictions, cf. Matt 15.1-20 and Mark 7.1-23 [p. 24]). What ends up happening then is that people take the verses they tend to already agree with and use those to explain away the ones they do not (everyone does this in any approach to reading Scripture; the key is to be aware that you do so and understand why). And the idea that there are universal principles embedded in Scripture that can clearly be separated from culturally-conditioned and culturally-bounded ones is not actually a way of reading Scripture that the Bible itself expresses or suggests. It does not say in parts, “What I am about to say here is for all places forever, but over here what I say is just for now.” For those arguing against women in pastoral teaching roles over men, they point to 1 Tim 2.9 where it says women should not have their hair braided or wear expensive clothes, gold, or pearls and say that relates to a cultural situation that is bounded to that time and a timeless principle should be looked at there. However, two verses later the text says women should not speak in church or have authority over a man and they say that is timeless and universal. The verses are right by each other and there are no marking transitions to suggest one is going from cultural to universal principles and situations and yet that is the leap these contemporary readers make. I would argue instead that it is not that there are universal teachings and then cultural ones that themselves have some universal principle embedded in them; it is ALL cultural.
The approach to reading and appropriating Scripture that I would argue is more faithful is one of “modeling.” Rather than coming to the text as if it were a timeless rule book or a script to be conformed to over and over, the modeling view sees Scripture as telling the story of God and his relationship to people showing the shape and character of God through time, at various points of revelation, and in various differing circumstances leading up to God’s self-revelation in the incarnation of Christ. Oddly, I have found that the easiest way to explain what the model approach means is from a quote that I heard in….a teen movie years ago (an Amanda Bynes one actually; OK, you can stop laughing now). The main character’s dad says to her, “Following in someone’s footsteps does not mean trying to relive their life; it means trying to be the kind of person they were.” The conforming approach often seems to be about trying to relive the first-century Church’s life, idealizing it, even though a majority of the letters in the NT exist as criticisms and corrections of those communities. The problem with is we are not in a 1st-century context with 1st-century assumptions trying to deal with 1st-century situations. The Bible is not a script to be enacted. Instead, the modeling approach suggests that in reading Scripture with all of its interesting, puzzling, and differing perspectives, we look for the kind of God shown there and the kind of human community God has called people into. For instances, in many places the Bible assumes slavery as a part of the world and in some contexts talks about better ways of living with it. However, to see such verses and to conclude that the God of Scripture is OK with slavery is to miss the overall character of God conveyed in the text and the trajectory of the overarching story toward freedom. This is the same with the way women are portrayed in Scripture.
Rather than reinvent the wheel, I will try to further my point about the equality of women and men in authority bestowed upon them by God by concluding here with a letter I wrote several years ago to a couple of friends. They did not believe that women should be ordained as pastors and suggested my arguing against them was an example of me going along with secular culture rather than Scripture; they were using arguments made by pastors like John Piper and Mark Driscoll. Here is my response, which in some places contains redundancies with what I wrote above, but should show an example of how the modeling perspective works on the women-in-church-leadership issue:
It is important to try to discern what God has called humanity to rather than making arguments rooted in secular ideology or what is considered acceptable in contemporary culture (Since I believe that sometime at the beginning of humanity something went wrong and God’s good creation got warped, I am generally leery of arguments that go from “is” to “ought,” meaning because things are a certain way means they ought to be that way.) As Christian people, I think the “logic” that we should operate under is one that is determined and constituted by the narrative of the God of Israel, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, as told in Scripture and passed down and interpreted by the Church. While this is not to say that secular perspectives or those brought to us by other faiths are not helpful in introducing questions and circumstances that we might not otherwise see or pay attention to, even in those things we have to weigh such encounters and questions against the God of Israel as revealed in Scripture and interpreted by the Israel and the Church (I know I am being a bit redundant, but I just want to be as clear as possible).
So, with all of that said, I agree that as Christians we need to ask what God desires for our lives and how we live them. The problem I have is that I do not think that what is reflected in complementarianism (the belief that women and men are different, the differences complement each other, AND men have authority over women in teaching and pastoring contexts in the Church and in marriage) and the perspectives of folks like Moore, Piper, Driscoll, and Grudem, is what God ultimately desires for humanity and I will argue that with Scripture as it gets read by the Church. I will say upfront that I do not think that everyone that is a complementarian is one because they are somehow a sexist, hate women, etc. (Of course there are those types of people out there, but most complementarians I know are not such people. They are people that love their spouses and really want to do what is right by God and be faithful to what God has said). I will also concede that the burden of proof in such a discussion is on folks with my perspective since the interpretations that the Church has largely had throughout its history have affirmed more patriarchal perspectives. The Church has been wrong about plenty of things in its history (think endorsements of slavery or using state power to execute people for theological heresy), so longevity of a held belief does not in itself make it right. In my mind, this simply means it needs to be taken seriously and disproved rather than assumed up front carte blanche to be wrong.
In dealing with this question, I think it is important to start by considering how Scripture actually works to understand or determine anything for Christians. It is not as simple as simply finding one, two, or several passages that say something and then simply applying such things literally. The Church has never operated this way with Scripture. People that think they just do what the Bible says in some literalistic sense are actually not doing what they think they are doing. For instance, Scripture does not specifically condemn slavery, yet most Christians in the world would say that the trajectory of the message of Scripture and the God to whom Scripture points is against human slavery. Or when people see verses about how women should wear headcoverings or not braid their hair or wear jewelry, most Christians dismiss such texts as cultural outworkings of some “universal” truths (Ironically these passages occur right next to passages telling women to be silent in churches and yet some folks say the jewelry and braid admonitions are cultural and the silence thing is a universal event though the text does not suggest any such transition; all the things happening there are occurring within a culture. So, that said, yes, there are verses that talk about women being silent or being submissive to their husbands and how Onesimus should return to his slavemaster in Philemon, but that does not mean that Scripture is meant to function in taking such particular things out of the context of its larger message about God and what God desires for us.
I think that the lens through which to interpret the “complementarian” question is the lens of Jesus, who he was, and what he accomplished. My basic argument is two-fold and fits ultimately under the one Jesus.
First, Gal 3.28 says, “There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus.” I would argue this passage does not eliminate differences in Christ as much as the differences become relative now to Christ. In other words, such difference become secondary to the ultimately unity and oneness is Jesus. Now, if you look at the particulars listed in this verse and consider how Scripture and its trajectory have played out in the history of the Church, you will see it pointing in the direction of forms of equality of worth and power. In Christ, there are still Jews and Gentiles, but if we take Romans seriously, Jewish Christians do not have authority over Gentile Christians and do not have a hierarchical role above them, though they still have unique things they have done and do as Jews. And with “slave nor free” most of us would argue that in Christ that pattern has been obliterated or should be (While Philemon does not condemn the institution of slavery and seems to endorse it on one level, there are ultimately subversive suggestions in it that hold a gospel logic that goes against slavery). That leaves male and female. If Christ has brought Jew and Gentile together on equal footing before God without one of them having power or authority over the other and yet still remaining Jew and Gentile, and if God has obliterated slavery in the Gospel of Jesus, why would one still argue that men by nature of having penises and certain ratios of brain chemicals get to have power and authority over women/their wives?
Second, if you want a scriptural justification for reading the “male and female” part in Galatians in an egalitarian way, then I would suggest that one considers the Genesis Fall story. Basically, according to the Adam and Eve narrative, wife/woman’s subservience to her husband/man is the result of a curse. Because of the whole forbidden fruit thing, God says, “To the woman he said,‘I will greatly increase your pangs in childbearing; in pain you shall bring forth children, yet your desire shall be for your husband,and he shall rule over you.’” If God declares such a curse as the result of the fruit incident, that means that prior to the incident the woman’s husband was not meant to rule over her; the woman being ruled by the man is the result of a curse, not the original edenic creation. (When the OT calls Eve a “helpmate” the Hebrew word used there appears 20 times in the OT. Of the 20 times, 18 of those refer to God as a “helpmate” to particular people. I say that because the word helpmate in Hebrew as it is used about Eve does not carry a natural connotation of subservience or “power over.” It simply means someone to come alongside of and help as God often does.) Again, if women are subservient to men as a result of the curse of the Fall, then what did Christ come to do? He came to reverse the effects of the Fall and bring things back into order with what God originally intended. Ergo, the curse of Adam’s sin–which includes the curse placed on Eve–is broken in the new Adam, who is Jesus. Men and women are co-regents in Christ over the world as was God’s original intention. Why Christians would want to continue upholding a curse after Christ death has broken such a thing is puzzling to me.
I get that my reading is newer in the long history of the Church, but that does not make it automatically wrong. I think the horrible abuse that women have endured at the hands of men (and, of course, I know that women are equally sinners just like men) have brought the Church–at least the Church in some parts of the world–to take a look at the living breathing Word of God to see if maybe we have been missing something. And just like we realized that with slavery, I believe we are starting to realize that with women and men and how they relate to each other in marriage and in other context.
So, yes, I think John Piper and folks in his camp are wrong, though I, of course, consider them brothers in Christ.
“Men and women are co-regents in Christ over the world as was God’s original intention. Why Christians would want to continue upholding a curse after Christ death has broken such a thing is puzzling to me.”
^^^^^ This!!! A beautiful summation. Thank you.
1 Timothy 2 11-15
“Following in someone’s footsteps does not mean trying to relive their life; it means trying to be the kind of person they were.”
That’s a great quotation to remember. And it’s totally apt.
“1 Tim 2.9 where it says women should have their hair braided or wear expensive clothes, gold, or pearls.” Actually, 1 Tim 2:9 says women should NOT have braided hair, etc. In 1 Cor. 11:6, it says that a woman must cover her head. This is the instruction most say was for the culture and time.
Hi! Thank you much for the heads-up on this! My lack of “NOT” there was an accidental omission and I have added the word. That definitely changes the meaning of what I was saying. Cheers!
Good piece, just one comment:
“Complementarians” do say that male headship originates at creation and is not a product of the fall. There are verses in Genesis 1 and 2 that can be read in this way, but they can also be read in an egalitarian way. Any refutation of complementarianism needs to include this.
Hi David, thank you for your comment. Complementarians do argue that male headship is rooted in creation, but I am not sure Genesis 1 & 2 help them as well as one would think. I get how they can make that argument from 1 Timothy 2.12-14 when it buttresses its point that no woman/wife is permitted to teach or to have authority over a man by saying, “For Adam was formed first, then Eve and Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor.” [Below my response here, I will use a long quote about these verse in 1 Tim from New Testament scholar, David Scholer, who had taught at Fuller Seminary for many years. He responds fairly well to concerns about 1 Tim here, so I will include that as I am not able to write my own thought on that at the moment.] However, I cannot see how Genesis 1 on its own–which of course one never would take it just on its own–would be helpful; in fact, it seems kind of the opposite. In Gen 1.27-28, it says, “So God created humankind [mankind] in his image, in the image of God he created him; male and female He created them. God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply…” Verse 27 very interesting uses a singular noun for humankind/mankind (adam) and refers to that as the singular 3rd person pronoun him, but it then fleshes out what humankind/mankind is by saying male AND female He created THEM (3rd person plural pronoun). For the longest time in English, Christians have thought of “adam” as a proper noun and secondarily as another Hebrew word for man, which it does seem to function that way in various parts of the Bible (Paul reads the word like a proper noun). But that is not how adam functions in Genesis 1. In that version of the creation narrative, it is the word that encompasses both male and female. Genesis 1 technically does not even indicate which came first the male or female. It simply says both are image bearers. I am not sure where one would see hierarchy or headship in Genesis 1’s description.
Genesis 2 has the creation story that most of us are commonly familiar with and it does have the man being created before the woman. But as I noted in my blog post, when the woman is created and and said to be a “helper” (‘ezer in Hebrew), that word does not have a subservient or subordinate meaning implicit in it (that same word is mostly used to describe God in the Bible as a helper who comes along side of). So, I do not see how they would defend male headship there.
On the most basic level within the Genesis 2 narrative, I would have to ask the complementarian why would God have to curse the woman with, “and he shall rule over you,” if that was already the created order and intention in the first place? That would not be called a curse, that would be called normal in that case. I suppose one could say that “rule over” there somehow implies an abusive rule over rather than a loving rule over, but I am not sure there is anything in the text to give one a reason for making that distinction there.
So, all of that to say, you are right that complementarians root their belief in a creation theology, but I think they get that theology from reads throughout Church history of New Testament passages rather than being able to strongly deduce their point from Genesis 1 & 2 on their own.
Of course, New Testament passage are Scripture and need to be taken into the equation of developing our theology of gender relations. But that itself takes me back to my basic argument, which is that the larger disagreement between Christians who are complementarians and Christians who are not often does not hinge on what individual verses say, but how those verses are understood in their contexts, how they are understood in light of the whole of Scripture, and then how Scripture itself is to be appropriated and utilized in its conveyance of God’s authority and call on who we are to be as his people. And that is a much larger, way more complicated argument to have then most of us are currently having when we talk about this issue.
Anyway, thank you again for your comment. Below is that extended blurb from Scholer in case it is helpful:
“1 Timothy 2:8-15 is the paragraph in the New Testament which provides the injunctions (2:11-12) most often cited as conclusive by those who oppose preaching, teaching and leadership ministries for women in the church. It is inappropriate, however, to isolate verses 11-12 from the immediate context of 1 Timothy 2:8-15. If any of the paragraph is perceived as culturally bound (as 2:8-10 often is) or as especially difficult in terms of Pauline theology (as 2:15 often is), it must be realized that these same issues must be confronted in understanding 2:11-14.
“It should also be observed that 1 Timothy 2:11-12 is a general prohibition on teaching and authority exercised by women. It is not directed to only a certain level of persons (such as “ordained” in distinction from “non-ordained” or “pastors” as distinct from “missionaries”). Further, it is not limited to only a certain style of teaching (“preaching” as distinct from “sharing,” seminary teaching or writing theological books). In other words, if 1 Timothy 2:11-12 were a trans-cultural, absolute prohibition on women teaching and exercising authority in the church, then it prohibits all such activity.
“The word in verses 11 and 12 often translated as “in quietness” (11) and “silent” (12) is identical in Greek. The same term is used by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 3:12 which the NIV translates “settle down.” The point is that this term, which is often assumed to mean only “verbal silence,” is better understood as an indication of proper order or acceptance of normal practice. The term translated “to have authority” (authentein) occurs only here in the New Testament and was rarely used in the Greek language. It is not the usual word for positive, active authority. Rahter, it is a negative term which refers to the usurpation and abuse of authority. Thus, the prohibition (2:11-12) is against some abusive activity, but not against the appropriate exercise of teaching and authority in the church. The clue to the abuse implied is found within the heretical activity combatted in 1-2 Timothy. The heretics evidently had a deviant approach to sexuality (1 Timothy 4:3; 5:11-15) and a particular focus on deluding women, who were generally uneducated (2 Timothy 3:6-7).
“The injunctions are supported with selective Genesis arguments (2:13-14), using Genesis 2 rather than Genesis 1 (2:13) and the fact of Eve’s deception (2:14, see the use of this in 2 Corinthians 11:3 for male heretics). The function of the Genesis argument is parallel to its use in 1 Corinthians 11:7-9 where it si employed to argue that women must have their heads covered in prayer and prophecy. In both cases a scriptural arugment is employed to buttress a localized, limited instruction. The concluding word of hope for women (2:15) is an affirmation of the role of bearing and nurturing children, a role considered as the only appropriate one by many in the culture who believed women incapable of other roles as well. This conclusion (2:15) is parallel in thrust to 1 Timothy 5:3-16 and Titus 2:3-5, both of which are concerned with specific cultural expectations.”
P.S. The David Scholer quote comes from a handout that Fuller Seminary produced called, “Women in Ministry: A Biblical Basis for Equal Partnership: Women and men in the Ministry of the Church.”
You can’t change or add to what is Written in the Holy Scriptures. Galatians 3:28 is about salvation that is given to Jew, Gentile, male and female. Women are to have a meek and quiet spirit and not a masculine spirit as a man does.
So when Jesus calls us to be meek and humble (sermon on the mount, washing feet, example of children) he was only talking to women? When he didn’t speak while questioned and was like a lamb being led to the slaughter he was feminine? When Paul speaks of Priscilla correcting Apollo’s and teaching him she was out of order and masculine? When Deborah served as a judge, Esther was bold and saved Israel, they were meek and feminine? When Jael drove a tent stake through the head of the enemy to Israel she should have been a bit more feminine I suppose. Wow. I could go on and on and on.
I would like to ask a Question about the views of Groups Thoughts on the Church
PASTOR and how he handles dealing with any lady who has a problem and wants
to discuss it with her, Is it on his own in an office or having a shaperone presant
This come up on a Xmas Movie
I am a member at an alliance Church in Canada
Trigger, I appreciate you wrote this quite some time ago but have you watched Mike Winger’s 12-part series about this on his YouTube channel? Just a warning though…his final video is 11 hours long!
I’d be curious about your thoughts.