During my time at COP29 in Baku, one theme has stood out repeatedly: the role of petrol states and oil companies in the broader climate dialogue. As someone attending my first COP, I’ve been struck by the polarized views on their participation. Many see these actors as adversaries to climate progress, pointing out their vested interests in keeping fossil fuels central to the global economy. Yet, dismissing or alienating them might be one of the most significant mistakes we could make.

I’ve heard delegates and activists express frustration about the presence of oil-exporting nations and fossil fuel companies in the discussions. Some argue that their involvement is mere virtue signaling or a strategy to greenwash their image. But this perspective, while understandable, ignores the reality that these states and companies are not just obstacles; they are stakeholders—stakeholders that we need to engage with if we hope to achieve meaningful progress.

Take Azerbaijan, for example. As a major oil and gas exporter, its economy is deeply tied to fossil fuels. It’s easy to see why some criticize the decision to host COP29 here. However, during the sessions and side events, I’ve come to appreciate how Azerbaijan’s position exemplifies the challenges and opportunities of transitioning away from fossil fuels. This nation, like many others, has much to gain from diversifying its economy and investing in sustainable alternatives. Alienating petrol states won’t encourage this shift; collaboration will.

The idea of “making polluters pay” resonates strongly in climate negotiations. It’s a necessary step toward accountability. However, if this is pursued in a way that vilifies entire nations or corporations, we risk pushing them further away from the table. As someone from Bolivia, a resource-rich nation also navigating the complexities of the energy transition, I understand that the conversation isn’t as black and white as many voices make it seem. Countries reliant on extractive industries often share the same goal—sustainable development—but their starting points differ.

In one of today’s sessions, an insightful point was raised: many of these so-called polluters would benefit significantly from solutions like renewable energy investments and economic diversification, especially if they are developing nations. Engaging them as partners, rather than adversaries, could unlock critical resources and momentum. The energy transition will only succeed if it includes everyone—especially those with the most at stake.

As COP29 continues, I’m reminded of why the decision to host it in Azerbaijan makes sense. This setting challenges the global climate community to reckon with the uncomfortable truths about fossil fuels and their role in our world. It’s not an endorsement of fossil fuels; it’s a call to confront the realities of our interconnected economies and political systems.

Let’s hope the conversations here inspire a more inclusive and pragmatic approach to climate action—one that works for everyone, not just the already converted.