This talk gives an outline for how modern biotechnology could approximate some of the effects of the Super Soldier Serum that turned little Steve Rogers into beefy Captain America using CRISPR, gene therapy, and a little protein engineering.
Here are the references listed on the handout:
In case you aren’t very familiar him: Captain America
The state of biology during World War II:
Penicillin fermentation
The story of Jacques Monod (Brave Genius: A Scientist, a Philosopher, and Their Daring Adventures from the French Resistance to the Nobel Prize by Sean B. Carroll)
Human Gene Therapy:
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601651/gene-therapy-is-curing-hemophilia/
https://www.hemophilia.org/Newsroom/Industry-News/BioMarin-s-Hemophilia-A-Gene-Therapy-Trial-Demonstrates-Increased-FVIII-Levels
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161203154525.htm
Curing Muscular Dystrophy in adult mice:
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/12/crispr-helps-heal-mice-muscular-dystrophy
(The three Science papers are referenced in there, also)
Myostatin at the Genetics Home Reference:
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MSTN
CRISPR review:
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6213/1258096
Cell Penetrating Peptides:
http://www.dddmag.com/article/2013/02/drug-delivery-using-cell-penetrating-peptides
Optogenetics
https://www.mpg.de/18011/Optogenetics
Human Growth Plate review:
https://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/comic/activity/pdf/Identify_the_age.pdf
Academic papers referenced in presentation:
Muscle Development Image:
Therapeutic approaches for muscle wasting disorders (2007) Lynch, G.S., Schertzer, J.D., and Ryall, J.G. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 113, 461-487.
Myostatin mutant mice:
Quadrupling muscle mass in mice by targeting TGF-beta signaling pathways (2007) S.-J. Lee, PLoS ONE 2:e789.
Myostatin mutant rabbits:
Efficient Generation of Myostatin Gene Mutated Rabbit by CRISPR/Cas9 (2016) Lv, Q., Yuan, L., Deng, J., Chen, M., Wang, Y., Zeng, J., Li, Z. and Lai, L. Sci. Rep. 6, 25029.
Myostatin mutant pigs:
Super-muscly pigs created by small genetic tweak (2015) Cyranosky, D. Nature 523, 13–14.
Cell Penetrating Peptide AA3H:
Discovery of a non-cationic cell penetrating peptide derived from membrane-interacting human proteins and its potential as a protein delivery carrier (2015) Kim, Y.H., Yum, S.Y., Jang, G., Ahn, D-R. Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 11719.
Optogenetics References:
The promise of optogenetics in cell biology: interrogating molecular circuits in space and time. (2011) Toettcher, J.E., Voigt, C.A., Weiner, O.D., and Lim, W.A., Nature Methods 8, 35–38.
Control of Protein Activity and Cell Fate Specification via Light-Mediated Nuclear Translocation. (2015) Yumerefendi H, Dickinson DJ, Wang H, Zimmerman SP, Bear JE, Goldstein B, et al. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0128443
Hemophilia Gene Therapy
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Factor IX Gene Therapy in Hemophilia B. (2014) Amit C. Nathwani, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D., Ulreke M. Reiss, M.D., Edward G.D. Tuddenham, M.B., B.S., Cecilia Rosales, Ph.D., Pratima Chowdary, M.B., B.S., Jenny McIntosh, Ph.D., Marco Della Peruta, Ph.D., Elsa Lheriteau, Ph.D., Nishal Patel, F.R.C.P., F.R.C.Path., Deepak Raj, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., Anne Riddell, B.Sc., Jun Pie, B.S.N., Savita Rangarajan, M.B., B.S., David Bevan, M.B., B.S., Michael Recht, M.D., Yu-Min Shen, M.D., Kathleen G. Halka, M.D., Etiena Basner-Tschakarjan, M.D. Ph.D., Federico Mingozzi, Ph.D., Katherine A. High, M.D., James Allay, Ph.D., Mark A. Kay, M.D., Catherine Y.C. Ng, M.S., Junfang Zhou, M.D., Maria Cancio, M.D., Christopher L. Morton, B.S., John T. Gray, Ph.D., Deokumar Srivastava, Ph.D., Arthur W. Nienhuis, M.D., and Andrew M. Davidoff, M.D. New England Journal of Medicine 371, 1994-2004.
Growth plate development and closure:
The role of hedgehog signaling in skeletal health and disease ( 2015) Alman, B.A.,. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 11, 552-560.
Mechanisms of Growth Plate Maturation and Epiphyseal Fusion. (2011) Emons, J., Chagin, A.S., Savendahl, L., Karperien, M., and Wit, J.M., Hormone Research in Paediatrics 75: 383-391.
