NATO allies see the recent airspace violations as tests of Western resolve. Moscow denies any involvement and frames the accusations as Western provocations. While Operation Eastern Sentry reinforces deterrence across the eastern flank, the alliance remains cautious not to escalate the conflict further. The EU plans to impose new sanctions, signaling a collective pushback against Moscow’s aggression. The US’s response remains mixed as Trump’s dismissal of the breaches as “accidental” contrasts sharply with NATO’s warnings.