References

Ali, S. M., B. Chaix, et al. (2009). “Gender differences in daily smoking prevalence in different age strata: A population-based study in southern Sweden.” Scand J Public Health 37(2): 146–52.

Alpert, H. R., H. Koh, et al. (2008). “Free nicotine content and strategic marketing of moist snuff tobacco products in the United States: 2000–2006.” Tob Control 17(5): 332–8.

Britton, J. and R. Edwards (2008). “Tobacco smoking, harm reduction, and nicotine product regulation.” Lancet 371(9610): 441–5.

Cahill, K., L. Stead, et al. (2009). “A preliminary benefit-risk assessment of varenicline in smoking cessation.” Drug Safety 32(2): 119–35.

Christakis, N. A. and J. H. Fowler (2008). “The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network.” N Engl J Med 358(21): 2249–58.

Connolly, G. N. and H. R. Alpert (2008). “Trends in the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products, 2000–2007.” JAMA 299(22): 2629–30.

Corringer, P. J., J. Sallette, et al. (2006). “Nicotine enhances intracellular nicotinic receptor maturation: a novel mechanism of neural plasticity?” Journal of Physiology, Paris 99(2–3): 162–71.

Dautzenberg, B., M. Nides, et al. (2007). “Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy from randomized controlled trials of 1 and 2 mg nicotine bitartrate lozenges (Nicotinell).” BMC Clin Pharmacol 7: 11.

Edvardsson, I., L. Lendahls, et al. (2009). “When do adolescents become smokers? Annual seven-year population-based follow-up of tobacco habits among 2000 Swedish pupils—an open cohort study.” Scand J Prim Health Care 27(1): 41–6.

Foulds, J. and H. Furberg (2008). “Is low-nicotine Marlboro snus really snus?” Harm Reduct J 5: 9.

Hammond, D., F. Wiebel, et al. (2007). “Revising the machine smoking regime for cigarette emissions: implications for tobacco control policy.” Tob Control 16(1): 8–14.

Hatsukami, D., M. Mooney, et al. (2007). “Effects of high dose transdermal nicotine replacement in cigarette smokers.” Pharmacol Biochem Behav 86(1): 132–9.

Hatsukami, D. K., J. O. Ebbert, et al. (2007). “Changing smokeless tobacco products new tobacco-delivery systems.” Am J Prev Med33(6 Suppl): S368–78.

Hatsukami, D. K., C. Lemmonds, et al. (2004). “Evaluation of carcinogen exposure in people who used “reduced exposure” tobacco products.” J Natl Cancer Inst 96(11): 844–52.

Hecht, S. S., S. G. Carmella, et al. (2007). “Similar exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen in smokeless tobacco users and cigarette smokers.” Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(8): 1567–72.

Hughes, J. R. (2008). “Significance of off-label use of NRT.” Addiction 103(10): 1704–5.

Kozlowski, L. T. (2007). “Effect of smokeless tobacco product marketing and use on population harm from tobacco use policy perspective for tobacco-risk reduction.” Am J Prev Med 33(6 Suppl): S379–86.

Mendoza–Baumgart, M. I., O. E. Tulunay, et al. (2007). “Pilot study on lower nitrosamine smokeless tobacco products compared with medicinal nicotine.” Nicotine Tob Res 9(12): 1309–23.

Prignot, J. J., A. J. Sasco, et al. (2008). “Alternative forms of tobacco use.” Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12(7): 718–27.

Roosaar, A., A. L. Johansson, et al. (2008). “Cancer and mortality among users and nonusers of snus.” Int J Cancer 123(1): 168–73.

Song, A. V., H. E. Morrell, et al. (2009). “Perceptions of smoking-related risks and benefits as predictors of adolescent smoking initiation.” Am J Public Health 99(3): 487–92.

Stead, L. F. and T. Lancaster (2007). “Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD005231.

Stead, L. F., R. Perera, et al. (2008). “Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD000146.

Stepanov, I., S. G. Carmella, et al. (2009). “Evidence for endogenous formation of N’-nitrosonornicotine in some long-term nicotine patch users.” Nicotine Tob Res 11(1): 99–105.

Zendehdel, K., O. Nyren, et al. (2008). “Risk of gastroesophageal cancer among smokers and users of Scandinavian moist snuff.” Int J Cancer 122(5): 1095–9.

Zhu, S. H., J. B. Wang, et al. (2009). “Quitting Cigarettes Completely or Switching to Smokeless: Do U.S. Data Replicate the Swedish Results?” Tob Control 18(2):82–7.