Intro to Visual Practice / Fall 2010

Artificial Intelligence:

My first key word is artificial intelligence. When I think of this word I automatically think of robots. This in part is due to the film industry with movies from AI and the Terminator or I’Robot. Movies where machines became more intelligence than the humans, and tried to take control of the human races. . Artificial Intelligence is defined as the intelligence of machines.

Photography:

Photography is one of the must basic forms of technology in my opinion. Everyone has disposal cameras to digital cameras. Pictures are everywhere from Billboards to magazines. Photography is defined as the act or practice of taking or processing photographs. Since I personally hate definitions with the actually word in it. Photographs are defined as a picture made using a camera in which an image is focused onto film or other light-sensitive material and then made visible and permanent by chemical treatment.

Augmented Reality:

Augmented Reality is defined as a live direct or indirect view of a physical space whose elements are augmented  by technology  sensory input such as sound or graphics. An example of augmented reality is IPhone Apps that use the real world places and blend interaction and direction with it. Also I believe an example would be a GPS, that shows the real world places with the directions placed on top of it.

Story Boards are an organizational process for motion picture, animation, and interactive media that began in the animation industry at Walt Disney. A storyboard consists of a series of illustrations that form the sequence of the final product. This process helps directors/creators to understand their final goal before attempting the final product. Often additions or tweaks in the plot result from the storyboard and the ability to gage suspense when the scenes are laid out. In Film, some scenes may be shot ahead of time to fill the storyboards that can then be shown to marketers etc. Today they are both hand drawn and digital.

Anti-art literally refers to the rejection of previous standards considered art. In the early 1900s Marcel Duchamp’s ‘found art’ became the first referred to example. Anti-artwork may convey a specific disagreement with the art world, art market, or high art  – most have become generally accepted today. Some anti art has denounced art making in general, and artworks have specifically been made for the act of destruction. The Dada, Surrealist, Lettrism, Situationist, and neo-Dada art movements all have their roots in anti-art. The most recent controversy regarding anti-art had to do with conceptual art in the Jewish Museum’s Holocaust exhibit.

Hierarchy

The pecking order or ranking system that defines a power structure of people or things. Also, a ladder, or ordered, linear progression of power levels/ levels of importance. In government this corresponds to levels of rank such as Catholic priesthood, or the military. The hierarchical ranking system relates things both vertically ad horizontally as either greater than, less than, or equal too.

Hierarchies have become much more complicated, as they now have their own terminology, for example subordinate refers to an object ranked beneath another, and there are recognized Degrees of Branching, categorization of hierarchies based on subordinates.

Hierarchies apply to almost any area of study affecting societies, science, and even the arts. In specific, the classification of art genres and the color wheel (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) are both hierarchical systems.

cannot upload photos, see this link for hierarchy cartoon

see this link for hierarchy graphic

Static Art

Art that does not move, or interact, it remains still, without animation, frozen and unresponsive to time. Grimace Boyer interprets this to mean “ Static art is something that just simply “is.” It can never be changed, nor can it be “reinterpreted” by different artists”.  The Static arts include most fine art that ends with a physical product, for examples sculpture, drawing, painting, clothing design, and architecture. The product is visible by all in one medium at one time. This art many not be forgotten and does not change once it has been erected.

Static art is contrasted to dynamic art, or performance art (dance, plays, acting, singing). This art requires the presence of actors, musicians, and even participants (if a project like the fliers on bench product in class) to realize the final product.

Static art can be reproduced, only to end with two final, physical works. While Static art can be reproduced and reinterpreted due to the changing presentation.

see this link for example of static art: David can be reproduced, yet not reinterpreted.

-Chloe Marie Songer

1.  I researched many definitions of probability, but the one that I found most accurately described the term was from wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn.  They define probability as : a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur.  In my own words, I would describe probability and chance as concepts that describe the likelihood of an event happening and that are calculated using a mathematical reasoning method.  In artwork, this term could be applied in projects that depend on chance – such as my drawing machine project.  My design allowed a user to draw a card at random that then determined what they would have to draw.

2.  According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, printmaking is defined as the production of images normally on paper and exceptionally on fabric, parchment, plastic or other support by various processes of multiplication; more narrowly, the making and printing of graphic works by hand or under the supervision of the artist.”- http://www.worldprintmakers.com/english/pmdef.htm.  When I think of printmaking, I think of the possibility of multiple originals.  There can be no pure original, just like a camera that uses a negative.  Copies are made from both the negative or the item used for the print, but each is considered an original work.  Printmaking has been around since the 15th century and began as a communicative method, but since has developed into a luxurious art form.

I tried to upload pictures – but I kept getting HTTP error!

Nanotechnology is defined as is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Quantum mechanical effects are very important at this scale.

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology#Fundamental_concepts

An image is a visual representation of any object, scene, person, or abstraction that is produced by an medium on any object.

This ties into the definition of a picture as a picture is created through the process of capturing still or moving images by recording them on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a film or an electronic sensor.

Broadly speaking, an aperture is a hole through which light travels. This is applicable to art in that many artistic devices, such as the camera obscura, the photographic camera, and the film camera have apertures. On a human level, the pupil is an aperture. The size of the aperture determines how much light travels through the hole, which in turn determines the focus of the image. A small aperture will result in an evenly, sharply focused image, whereas a larger one will result in a blurry image except in certain spots, as demonstrated by this image:

It is unclear which “movement” is meant by this keyword, as there two different definitions for the word movement as it applies to art. A piece of art could incorporate movement into it, either through visually distorting the image so that it appears to be moving, or in performance art, actual movement by the performer and other aspects of their artwork through space-time. The other movement is an art movement, a shared philosophy of aesthetics and meanings utilized by many artists working in the same time period.  Examples of important art movements include Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Neo-Classicism, Cubism, Dadaism, etc.  For example, in Impressionism, the common goal of the artists was to capture the light from an scene as the eye saw it, rather than make a completely accurate representation of the scene.

An automaton is a self-operating machine. The word is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot.

In an ancient times, automata were intended as toys, religious idols, or tools for demonstrating basic scientific principles.  Contemporary automata focus more on art than technological sophistication.

Expressionism is a style of art that uses distortions or modifications of reality in order to emphasize a subjective idea, rather than an objective, empirical observation; most artists using this style ‘exaggerate’ the point that will conjure the expected emotional reaction. The photo below is of a painting entitled “Mother” by Aleksej Cvelov, which is aptly named for an expressionistic work.

EXAMPLE:  http://www.arthit.ru/expressionism/0046/expressionism-8.jpg

Cybernetics is a field of study, focusing on “machines” or systems, in a sense, namely those containing a feedback-loop, or existing in a cycle.  Cybernetics is very broad in it’s approach, allowing it to be used in many different fields or disciplines.

Visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings from the effects of visible light reaching the eye. The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight, or vision (adjectival form: visual, optical, or ocular).

The various physiological components involved in vision are referred to collectively as the visual system, and are the focus of much research in psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and molecular biology.

Shape is one of the six elements of art which is, in many ways, often defined by the other elements – line, space, color, texture, composition.  In its most basic form, shape is “the particular physical form or appearance of something; an arrangement that is formed by joining lines together in a particular way or by the line or lines around its outer edge” (Cambridge Dictionary Online).  Shape has height and width, thus existing in the two dimensional realm whereas form has height, width, and depth – existing in the three dimensional realm.  Shapes are usually categorized as being geometric – manmade, mathematical origin or organic – found in nature, typically asymmetrical.  Repeated shapes create patterns.

While isometric means to have equality of measure, an isometric drawing challenges the visual in terms of space, volume, and surface area by eliminating the distortion of typical perspective drawing.  Isometric drawing paper (as seen below) doesn’t contain horizontal lines.  It has a grid of triangles running vertically and diagonally.  In normal perspective drawings, all lines converge towards the vanishing point; however, in isometric drawings that is not the case.  They are supposed to show as much detail as possible because the lines do not converge.  Isometry is employed to visually depict objects of three-dimensions in two-dimensions.  Artists such as MC Escher explore principals of isometry and isometric drawing.

The artists’s book is understood as “almost always self-conscious about the structure and meaning of the book as a form…ultimately, an artist’s book has to have some conviction, some soul, some reason to be and to be a book in order to succeed” (DruckerThe Century of Artists’ Books).  In its initial production, between the 1890s and 1900s, the artists’s books appealed to society as collector items.  Two Parisian art dealers, Ambroise Vollard and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, created the livre d’artiste “deluxe edition book” which involved a collaboration not only between artists, but between artist and typographer, designer, printer, poet, and dealer.  Ultimately, the artists’s book createshybrid forms of media which “circulate around the concept that art is primarily about ideas and secondarily about aesthetics” (Drucker). (see  http://cdm.reed.edu/cdm4/artbooks/browse_books.php  for a library of artists’ books…)

-Amanda Jordan

Style is the way in which something is said, done, expressed, or performed. It deals with the handling of distinctive elements and particular media. There are several different styles of art, including abstract, cubism, expressionism, fauvism, impressionism pointillism, pop art, postimpressionism, realism, and surrealism. Some of the most renowned artists had different styles. Pablo Picasso was well known for his cubism, which isn’t supposed to look real. When painting in this style, generally geometric shapes are used to show what the painter is trying say.

You also have a painter like Vincent Van Gogh, who has more of a postimpressionist style, in that he paints more landscapes and still lifes. It should also be noted that this style uses a lot of color and shadow.

Finally, if you look at an artist like Leonardo Da Vinci, he was more of a realist, expressing art as it would appear in real life.

Resolution is how many linear pixels fit in an unit of measure, like an inch or centimeter; this directly effects the quality of the image as well as the size. The best way to understand this term is by observing the changes of an image when resolution is changed in an image:

The differences between the two pictures are most likely due to a few variables. The type of camera used to capture the first image could take more mega-pixels than the camera used for the second image. The second image is also over compressed, making it appear more pixelated.

Kinetic Art is a form of art made up of parts designed to be set in motion by an internal mechanism or an external stimulus. Some sort of motor or gust of wind usually triggers the moving parts in kinetic art, specifically in kinetic sculptures (see below left). Kinetic drawing makes use of the critical balance and creates 3D drawings from various materials. These pictures are based on kinetic movement overall, as can be seen in the following image (see below right).

Bibliography:

http://www.microscope-microscope.org/imaging/image-resolution.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/J001159/artstyle.htm

http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/images/wiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Whirligig.jpg/200px-Whirligig.jpg

Texture: an element of art that appeals to the sense of touch.  It can be used to describe either the way a 3-D work of art feels when touched, or the visual “feel” of a 2-D work.

 The first two artworks were made by embedding plastic wrap into paint. This can be done with watercolors, acrylics, or oils. These were done with watercolor. The third artwork was made by Brian Giberson. He embeds netting, straw,copper,  and woven fabric into a thick gesso

Background : The background is the area of a work of art that is furthest fromthe spectator.  It is contrasted with the foreground and middleground.  The point is for the artist to create an illusion/impression of space fading into the picture, with some parts further away and some closer.  For example, in “The Astronomer” by Vermeer, we see that the background which encloses the painting  is dark and also contains several other details that are subtle in relation to the main figure in the painting. There is also a ‘painting within a painting’ effect; on the right side we see a fragment of a painting that creates the illusion of space and depth, and also a realistic feel to the room in which the astromoer is working. A lot of the lines in the background are vertical; they are parallel to the plane of the painting giving an even more realistic effect. 

Visual explanations are the utilization of graphics to illustrate something. Imagery can be very powerful and has the ability to emphasize a point far more clearer than words can. In regards to design, a well-organized and thought-out diagram can be an extraordinary tool. “Infographics” are commonplace on the web among graphic designers. For example, the following infographic, from rajkamalaich @ flickr is a creative but organized look at the economy.

The following infographic is another example of a creative means of displaying information. From Good.is Infographics.

Information is Beautiful is a blog dedicated to visualization of information, and its owner calls himself an information designer. Similarly, Infosthetics.com features a variety of visual explanation.

Visual explanation is a method by which to communicate information, and as can be seen from the above examples, can be highly effective.

A self-organizing system is a system that manages itself internally; order is maintained dynamically. They are all about patterns and internal interaction. Commonly, self-organizing systems appear in science, especially physics, biology, and chemistry. For example, flocking behavior of birds in biology is considered a self-organizing system because there is no coordinated effort; rather, it is a collective, emergent behavior (Source). Self-organizing systems are also prevalent in computer science and computer arts; for example, self-organizing systems can be created with computer programming.

depth:

Process: noun, the series of steps through which one obtains a desired effect or result.
The word process brings to my mind the work of Yves Klein, who emphasized the process of art more than the final result in his live painting performances.  In such pieces, Klein used the bodies of female models as paintbrushes. The models rolled around on canvases covered in blue paint, documenting the creative process of the work.

Color Theory: noun, the study of the relationships between variations of light. It describes the formation and resulting hierarchy of light and pigment tonalities when different colors are mixed.
Color theory brings to mind the works of pointillist Georges Seurat. He juxtaposed secondary colors to create an illusion of depth and solidity.

Georges Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

To understand what tonality is, one should first grasp the basic ideas of hue, value, and intensity.

Hue is what we generally, and roughly, refer to as color.  The sky and the sea both have the same hue family of blue, even though the exact hue is different.

Value (or tone), on the other hand, refers to the lightness or darkness of a color, instead of the actual hue.

The difference between value and tone is illustrated quite clearly in the diagram below:

Finally, intensity refers to the purity of the hue of a given color.

Tonality is the idea of the overall color effect in terms of hue and value (and also intensity).  Tonality can create different moods of two paintings with same content but different use of colors.  An example would be the artwork Haystack by Claude Monet shown below:

-Jason Li

rhythm

- a movement or procedure with patterned recurrence such as a beat

- a patterned repetition of an element in similar form

rhythm is often used visually when similar images recur throughout a piece or space.

Heuristic refers to the encouragement of at type of learning that requires exploration, most commonly “trial and error”.  It is a way of solving problems through experimentation and evaluation of various solutions and options.  It comes from the Greek word to “find” or “discover”.  Learning how to make art depends on heuristic teaching methods and learning methods.  As much as instructors in painting and drawing and photography or any other media can give students advice, information, helpful hints, and an education about the tools they are using and the ways in which they might want to approach them to make great art, ultimately much of learning and growing through art as artists over the years of our education relies on our unique and individual heuristic learning methods.  We learn from actually painting and actually drawing and actually going out there to work with the tools themselves and our own intuition and common sense, our own directions and styles.  We use trial and error to figure out what works best for us and that heuristic method is synonymous with the creation of art.

Sculpture is such a broad term but it can be most commonly defined as the creation of a three-dimensional object or artwork or piece.  Sculptures can be created by the shaping of materials but it can also include found objects such as the “readymades” of Dadaism.

Sculptures can also act as social objects such as those sculptures that are used as interventions or placed in a public setting such as Cupid’s Span in San Francisco on the Embarcadero which is a huge sculpture of a bow and arrow.

Rincon Park, San Francisco, California.

Stainless steel, structural carbon steel, fiber-reinforced plastic, cast epoxy, polyvinyl chloride foam; painted with polyester gelcoat 64 ft. x 143 ft. 9 in. x 17 ft. 3/8 in.

Commissioned by D&DF Foundation, San Francisco Installed November 2002

Cupid’s Span, 2002 Cupid’s Span, 2002 Cupid’s Span, 2002

Optical:

- of or pertaining to optics, which is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior and principles of light

- of or relating to the eyes, sight, vision and the visual

Image: an optical illusion

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Physical:

- of or pertaining to the body, as distinguished from the mind or spirit; the tangible

-implying that which has material existence, especially as determined by the senses or laws of nature

-referring to matter and energy, as produced by the forces and processes of physics

- action involving rigorous bodily movement and activity

Image: The Vitruvian Man, an example of physicality

Book, n. a written work on pages bound together; a record, script, or collection of something in parts bound together; something that contains information that people can read

Entropy is a word that has applications in both thermodynamics and information theory. The term is defined as follows in these two fields:

Thermodynamics:

-Entropy is the amount of energy that is not available for the process of work. It can further refer to the disorder or randomness of the microscopic particles that make up a thermodynamic process.

Information Theory:

-Entropy is a measure of the information that is lost during the transfer of a signal or other medium of message. It refers to the disorder, unpredictability, or uncertainty associated with a random variable.

There is more to communication then simply the spoken or written word.  Visual images are also a part of the human language.  An obvious example of visuality as language would be in a diagram or map. Visual and spoken language are interdependent modes of communication.

Perception is how each and every person obtains awareness of visual information.  Each person lets their own experiences effect how they perceive things.  People from different cultures/ backgrounds take visual queues in different ways and thus they react differently to them.  Perception allows different people to see very different things in the same image.

Deduction is a type of logic that involves moving from a more general notion to a particular idea.

An example of deductive argument is…

1. All duke students like cheese [general notion]

2. You are a duke student.

3. You like cheese [particular idea]

Visual practices are methods by which visual art or design have been or can be produced. Often, visual practices are a means to pursue an artistic investigation of a subject matter.

For example, here is a poster for the movie “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.”

The subject matter being investigated was bad memory, and whether they can be erased.

Three main visual practices that have been used in this case, are (1) photography in the design of the poster, followed by editing (2) to insert text into the image, and finally (3) video production, to shoot the movie.

source: http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/can_we_should_we_erase_bad_memories/

This word has a variety of meanings and connotations. It is a noun, adjective, and verb. As a noun, a model can be a person who is a subject for an artist’s work, a person who wears clothing to advertise it, a style or type of something (like a car) or a replication of something. Something that is “model” is usually exemplary or a standard. Verbally, to model can mean to replicate or imitate, or it can be the act of wearing clothes or being the subject of an artist’s work.

Image Source: http://www.enasco.com/product/SB33502M

The term “painting” can be a verb or a noun. A painting is a visual representation involving the application of pigments to a surface. Paintings can be done in oil on canvas and seen in museums or be grade school art projects of tempera paint on construction paper. To paint is the act of applying paint (pigment/color) to a surface. Painting does not necessarily have to have an intrinsically artistic connotation; houses, cars, and other objects can be painted. The term “painting” does not have to be taken literally, it can mean to describe, ie. using the phrase “painting an ugly picture” to mean “describe an unpleasant situation”.

image source: http://www.unschoolingsupport.com/supporting_the_unschooling_journ.htm

There are many different aspects and definitions of Architecture, such as…

-The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures

-The actual buildings/structures themselves

-Design aspect of architecture—visual

-Creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light, and shadow

-Designing a system

-Architecture can represent cultural and political symbols and works of art.

Parthenon

Gaudi-Casa Batlló, La Pedrera

Blueprint

A program is a presentation of something, an order or plan of action, or a sequence of coded instructions.

As it relates to art, programs like Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw can be used to create vector graphics.  Vector graphics is the use of points, lines, curves, polygons, etc, which are all based on mathematical equations, or programs, to represent images in computer graphics.

We dealt with programs in our first IVP, creating a machine that draws for you.  Many people devised a plan of action and instructions that created an image.

I also found this, which was an interesting use of “program.”  PROGRAM is a non-profit Berlin based platform that aims to expand the disciplinary boundaries of architecture through its collaboration with other fields.  Exhibitions at PROGRAM are conceived as projects that extend beyond what is displayed in the gallery space. They engage in a set of ideas that are explored simultaneously through workshops, lectures, reading groups, discussions and publications.

http://www.programonline.de

Vector Art

Program-Initiative for art and architecture collaborations

“Design” can be a noun or a verb.

Verb:

- to plan, devise, or scheme

- the act of creating a visual design

Noun:

- a blueprint; something used as a guide for something else; a sketch

- an arrangement scheme

- a decorative work

Interior design refers to the act of planning the decoration and furnishings of a room in a specific visual, aesthetically pleasing way.

“Volume” is a noun with a few different meanings. Its most common use, especially related to art, is the amount of 3-D space an object takes up. The volume of a container is considered to be the amount the container can hold.

Volume also refers to:

- A book or publication that is one of a set of several related publications.

- A magnitude of sound.

In painting, volume is depicted through the use of shadow and light in a spacial situation. Volume is also an important sculptural quality.

Abduction is a form of reasoning in which a logical guess or hypothesis is made to explain an circumstance. For example, if I were to notice that the sandwich I made earlier and left in the refrigerator is gone, I might think that this would make sense if my roommate were to have eaten it. Thus, I would reach the conclusion that my roommate ate my sandwich. However, it is possible that there are other explanations which is why abductive reasonings remains partly guess work. Yet, my hypothesis is the most likely (which is required for it to be considered an abduction). Abduction has recently been utilized in fields of artificial intelligence and intelligence analysis for predicting problems faults in systems.

Visual Studies is a relatively newly defined field of studies at many universities that is a cross-disciplinary study of science, art history, and art.It deals with everything from mathematics to computer programming to film and documentary studies to the traditional fields of art (sculpture, painting, drawing) and performance arts. Literature and writing also plays a huge part. Furthermore It looks at the theory behind these different fields and combines them into one comprehensive genre.

Locative media explores relationships between the virtual and the real world. By definition, locative media is “media of communication functionally bound to a location.” They often trigger social interactions and are applied to real places.

Graphic Design is a type of visual communication that may use images, words, and ideas to convey information. This is a creative process that sometimes involves a client and a designer, and is meant to convey a message to a specific audience. Typography, composition, icons, etc may be incorporated. Often, graphic designs are used for advertisements, logos, book covers and illustrations, packaging, and other forms of art.

An observer is something or someone who observes. While they watch or observe, they don’t take part in what’s going on. Someone may be observing without anyone knowing they are watching, known as spying.

Formalism describes the critical belief that the value of a piece of art work lies in its physical form and visual facets (line, shape, colour, texture) rather than its narrative, the artist’s intent or even how realistic it is. Simply put, critics (of a Formalist view) believe that the enjoyment of the art is due to the aesthetics of the painting itself rather than the subject matter.

In a manifesto entitled Definition of Neo-Traditionism Maurice Denis famously wrote as his first sentence”Remember, that a picture, before it is a picture of a battle horse, a nude woman, or some story, is essentially a flat surface covered in colours arranged in a certain order.” I feel that this epitomizes Formalism.

(I also think it is important to note that the notion of Formalism gave birth to (or perhaps encompasses) abstract art and abstract expressionism)

In general “Variable” can either be used as an adjective or a noun, with almost identical meanings.

As an adjective, variable is synonymous with ‘varying’, meaning the subject is liable to change, for instance:

the quality of Duke-produced is highly variable

Whereas as a noun the variable is a facet which is liable to change, for example:

there are too many variables to assess the quality of Duke-produced art

In regards to art, I feel that variable most applies to variable art, or interactive art, where the viewer is the producer and the ‘artist’ is the one who sets the ‘situation’. Within the situation each viewer’s produced piece will be different because of the numerous variables (or choices to be made) provided by the artist.

A simple example I found of this is on the following website:

#mce_temp_url#

http://scratch.mit.edu/projects/floatingmagictree/720812

Linguistic framing refers to the process of selectively highlighting and manipulating the associations one has with a concept or term. This is a tactic most often used by marketing and advertising firms. It allows for the framer to either highlight certain associative meanings, or to obscure other ones, to evoke certain connections in others’ minds.

http://jonhung.com/blog/2009/04/28/your-words-matter-an-investigation-of-linguistic-framing-part-one/

Shared definitions refers to a mutually assumed linguistic frame. Broadly speaking, it’s what happens to a community of people who use the same terms in the same way, evoking the same associative meanings. Our language and our slang are prominent examples of this. Common language is actually built upon shared definitions.

Time Based Media refer to media in which the content changes relative to time. Common examples are music and film. New technologies have allowed for greater exploration, manipulation, and creation of time based media, like animation and sound clips.

For examples of student work in time based media, see the online gallery of the Milwaukee Institute of Art and Design.

http://www.time-basedmedia.com/

These two acronyms stand for, respectively Red Blue Green, and Cyan Magenta Yellow Black. They both refer to color spectrums, but in different media. RBG is the breakdown of color in light. CMYK refers to the constituent colors of print. One of the greatest difference between the two is that RBG colors when combined make white, whereas CMYK when combined make black.

http://www.printernational.org/rgb-versus-cmyk.php

In the broadest sense, Evidence is proof of something, or an indication of the reality of a thing. Artistically, it can be the trace or the mark that evokes something that has happened. It’s what’s left behind after the fact.

I think of Jackson Pollock’s splatter paintings in reference to this term. What’s left behind on the canvas is the evidence of his movements over the canvas. For process artists, the action of creation is the art, and the object produced as a result is the evidence of the art object.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_art

Computational principles are a defined set of basic steps, rules and algorithms used to program computers or to solve problems. For example, in order to master the art of programming with Java, you must follow computational principles in order to correctly program.

Sources:

http://www.howstuffworks.com/program.htm

Drawing is a very general and broad term to define. Visually, it is an art that creates a mark on a two-dimensional medium using drawing instruments. These instruments can be anything: from pens and pencils to paintbrushes, from crayons and markers to chalk and charcoals.

Usually, the medium for drawing is paper, although other mediums are used, like cardboard, canvas, and plastic.

Simulation: the representation of an event, object, etc from real life that is not the event, object, etc itself.

Architectonic Sculpture: Sculpture that references architecture or has qualities of architecture

Bibliography

JAMES STEVENS CURL. “architectonic.” A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape    Architecture. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 6 Nov. 2010 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

Pit Kroke, Berlin – sculptural architecture – architectonic sculpture. Web. 6 Nov 2010. <http://www.bustler.net/index.php/event/pit_kroke_berlin_sculptural_architecture_architectonic_sculpture/>.

In general terms, abstraction refers to retaining only certain characteristics of an object or concept for a specific purpose. Specifically in art, abstraction refers to art that has little concern with literal depictions and representations of the world. It was at the end of the 19^th century, with numerous innovations occurring in science, technology, and philosophy, when artists felt a need to diverge from reproducing visible reality.

Marsden Hartley, The Aero, 1914, National Gallery of Art, Andrew W. Mellon Fund

Wassily Kandinsky, Transverse Line, 1923

Sources:

http://www.abstract-art.com/abstraction/l2_grnfthrs_fldr/g029b_kandinsky_tr_ln.html

http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/a/abstraction.html

http://www.nga.gov/education/american/abstract.shtm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art

http://paintings.name/